Unit 1 - Grammar

What is grammar?

Grammar refers to how we combine, organise and change parts of words, words and groups of words to make meaning. We use grammar unconsciously when we speak, listen, read or write. We also use it, particularly as teachers, to describe language. We do this by referring to its forms and its uses. Grammar includes a large number of forms and uses.

Part of speech	Examples	Function(s)	Some subcategories
Nouns	Children Sugar	To name, people, places, things, qualities, ideas, or activities. To act as the subject/object of the verb.	Countable, uncountable, proper, common, abstract, collective.
Verbs	See Run Take off	To show an action, state or experience.	Transitive, intransitive, regular, irregular, participles, gerunds, infinitives, modals, multi-word verbs, phrasal verbs, tenses, active voice, passive voice, imperative.
Adjectives	Easy	To describe or give more information about a noun, pronoun or part of a sentence.	Comparative, superlative.
Adverbs	Completely Yesterday At the end	To say more about how, when, where, etc. something happens by adding information to adjectives, verbs, other adverbs or sentences.	Degree, manner, time, focus, frequency, quantity, attitude, markers.
Determiners	My The This Both	To make clear which noun is referred to.	Possessive adjectives, articles, demonstrative adjectives, quantifiers.
Prepositions	After At In the middle of	To show the relationship between a noun, noun phrase or pronoun and another word or phrase.	Time, place, direction, contrast, exemplification, exception, cause and effect, dependent.
Pronouns	She Mine Who Myself	To replace or refer to a noun or about to be mentioned.	Personal, possessive, relative, reflexive.
Conjunctions	As And But	To join words, sentences or parts of sentences.	Reason, addition, contrast, time, condition, purpose, result.
Exclamations	Er ow	To show a (strong) feeling- especially in informal spoken language.	Feelings of doubt or pain.

Reference:

Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (2012). The TKT Teaching Knowledge Test Course Modules 1,2 and 3 (Vol. Second edition). United Kingdom: Cambridge English.